1. What is Power Factor?

Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of real power (R) to apparent power (Z) in an AC circuit. It represents the efficiency with which electrical power is converted into useful work output, ranging from 0 to 1.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the Power Factor formula:

Where:

• \( R \) — Resistance in ohms (real power)
• \( Z \) — Impedance in ohms (apparent power)

Explanation: The power factor is calculated as the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current in an AC circuit.

3. Importance of Power Factor

Details: Power factor is crucial in electrical systems as it affects energy efficiency. A low power factor results in higher currents and greater power losses in the distribution system.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter resistance and impedance values in ohms. Both values must be positive numbers, and resistance cannot exceed impedance (R ≤ Z).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a good power factor value?
A: Ideally, power factor should be as close to 1 as possible. Values below 0.95 are generally considered poor.

Q2: How can power factor be improved?
A: Power factor correction can be achieved by adding capacitors to the system to offset inductive loads.

Q3: What causes low power factor?
A: Inductive loads like motors, transformers, and fluorescent lighting are the primary causes of low power factor.

Q4: What's the difference between leading and lagging power factor?
A: Lagging power factor (common) means current lags voltage (inductive load). Leading means current leads voltage (capacitive load).

Q5: Why do utilities charge for low power factor?
A: Low power factor increases current requirements and energy losses in distribution systems, requiring larger equipment.